In Vitro Efficacy of Hungarian Propolis against Bacteria, Yeast, and Trichomonas gallinae Isolated from Pigeons—A Possible Antibiotic Alternative?

The spread of antimicrobial resistance is one the most serious human and animal health problems our time. Propolis a natural substance with antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic activity, active components which are polyphenols terpenoids. In present study, authors investigated efficacy propolis against Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus Escherichia coli Salmonella enterica, Candida albicans fungi, Trichomonas gallinae isolated from pigeons. For each pathogen, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) eradication (MEC) eight isolates were determined for 96%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60% ethanolic extracts region Észak-Alföld. was shown to be effective in inhibiting growth Gram-positive bacteria, albicans, strains. showed much better bacteria (1.56–400 µg/mL) than Gram-negative (>13,000 µg/mL). MIC values ranged within 1.56–400 µg/mL MEC 12.5–3260 µg/mL, while spp. 12.5–800 µg/mL. > 13,000 found enterica species. ranging 1.56 400 3.125 800 effective. between 2.5 5 mg/mL observed three effectiveness has, some cases, approached that antibiotics, making potential alternative treatment wound infections. Its outstanding holds promise as treating this widespread infection